Notes On The And Hiv Counselling - 1124 Words

NACP and HIV counselling NACP began in 1987, as an Indian health ministry initiated surveillance taskforce, after the first Indian HIV case was reported. Since then, it has extended its role to provide HIV services (IAVI, 2005; Singh et al., 2005). In 1992, the Indian Health Ministry set up the National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) as a separate wing to implement and closely monitor various components of the programme (Singh et al., 2005; NACO, 2015b). Services provided under this programme trickle down to states and districts through their respective AIDS Control Societies supported by non-governmental organisations (NGO). NACP was also responsible for targeted interventions aimed at facilitating behavioural change in HRG communities†¦show more content†¦An integrated counselling and training centre (ICTC) is a place where VCT services are provided to the clients who are either referred or walk in voluntarily to the centre (NACO 2004). An ICTC links the client with a range of services such as f amily planning, financial access, treatment and care, legal support, community and peer support, employment services and even with spiritual support centres (NACO, 2006). Being diagnosed HIV-positive and coming to terms with this knowledge has profound emotional, social, behavioural, and medical implications (Bharat, 2011; NACO, 2004). Counselling aims to support the HIV positive clients in understanding the disease; making them aware of their rights; and empowering them to lead a healthy life (Avert, 2014b; NACO, 2004). In India, most public health facilities have an ICTC, totalling 15,606 in number (Planning Commission, 2011), along with several stand-alone, private and mobile ICTCs (NACO, 2004). An HIV counselling session is required to follow certain guidelines and code of ethics. The HIV counselling guidelines, laid down by WHO (2007), aim for a voluntary; non-coercive; confidential; and cost-effective approach to provide information, education, and communication (IEC) to the client, while the Unicef’s code of ethics outlines the fundamental values of HIV counselling: integrity andShow MoreRelatedStrategies For Improving Hiv Counselling Services Essay1450 Words   |  6 PagesFor this research, AI will aim to empower HIV clients and counsellors as co-researchers, to contribute their expertise and experiences to propose ways of improving HIV counselling services. AI is a participative, collaborative, and a systematic approach to inquiry that seeks what is right in an organisation in order to create the desired future. It is a process and method for asking questions designed to strengthen a system’s capacity for organisational learning and creativity (Preskill CoghlanRead MoreHiv And Human Immunodeficiency Virus1186 Words   |  5 Pages1. Background HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus which attacks the immune system which makes it hard to fight off infection or disease. In the UK 100,000 people are currently living with HIV and one in five people in the UK have not yet been diagnosed. The virus is mostly transmitted through sexual activity but also by sharing needles and from mother to baby. This is transmitted either through pregnancy, birth or breastfeeding. The symptoms of HIV are flu-like symptoms and normally startRead MoreThe Ethics Of Ethics Approval Essay1006 Words   |  5 Pagesgroup. Co-researchers will have the liberty to leave FGD at their will at any stage of the discussion. The data collection tools will be audio recordings; notes of FGD; and flipcharts. To ensure any discrepancies in the organisational relations of the officials, I will ensure co-researcher privacy and safety through limiting access of fieldwork notes, co-researcher generated data, audio tapes and interview transcripts to my supervisors and me. The anonymity of co-researchers will further be ensured byRead MoreThe Cultural Atmosphere Of South Africa1362 Words   |  6 PagesMoving on from the previous notion that legal systems impact our perceptions as a collective, Elisa Longinett’s study of those living with HIV in South Africa examines the risk of volatile reactions found after sexual disclosure to their partners. What was found that the biggest indicator whether one would face volatile reactions were based upon their sex and their level of income: males with money were less at risk than males without, and males without high income were less likely than females withoutRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Hiv / Aids1013 Words   |  5 Pageshad some drinks and met a guy. Unfortunately, she later had unprotected sex with this guy she just met. The next morning went she woke up in her hotel room on her night table was a note which read, â€Å"I gave you AIDs last night.† Can you imagine how heartbroken this young girl felt, is my life over, what do I do now? HIV/AIDs is a plague that is unleashed through sexual contact or the body fluids of an infected individual. AIDS, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome surfaced in late 1970, as doctorsRead MoreThe Vision Of The Tiss Essay2585 Words   |  11 PagesTuberculosis and Malaria)–the round 7, Counselling Component grant was awarded to Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) in April 2008, for a period of 5 years. The project is named Saksham, a Sanskrit word, which means, Capable or â€Å"Self- reliant†. The objective of Saksham is to strengthen human and institutional capacities of the national health system in the field of HIV counseling to achieve and better meet the long term goals of the National AIDS Control Programme for HIV prevention, care and treatmentRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus And Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Essay1691 Words   |  7 Pagesconjunction with how it can be transmitted, so basically if it is highly contagious and most importantly, if any cure has been established for it. Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome(HIV/AIDS) is one of the most difficult epidemics to control. This is because, the HIV virus attacks the very cells designed to control and as such, can avoid exposure to treatments which is the major reason why a cure for it hasn’t been found. Owing to the lack of their knowledge of the severityRead MoreHiv/Aids Pandemic in Liberia5712 Words   |  23 PagesBusiness College Stella Maris Polytechnic St. Joseph Campus, Capitol Hill, Monrovia, Liberia Course Title: English 201: Sophomore English I Topic: HIV/AIDS PANDEMIC: â€Å"Its Social Ramifications and Impacts on the Liberian Society† Thesis: Perhaps the most life-threatening, incurable but preventive disease to the human race is the HIV/AIDS Pandemic, and the awareness and understanding of its social ramifications and impacts on the Liberian society is paramount. Prepared by: JohnsonRead MoreAdoption For The Infant With The Father, And Grandparents On An Interpersonal Level Essay1982 Words   |  8 Pagesassist in circumcision procedures. (Kikaya V, Kakaire R, Thompson E, Ramokhele M, Adamu T, Curran K, et al., 2016). C. MSM MSM are among high risk groups with HIV prevalence of 33% (Ministry of Health Lesotho, 2015). A study conducted in Masera and Maputsoe showed that HIV testing among MSM in these cities were 56% and 61% respectively. HIV prevalence in these two cities was higher than national prevalence. Stigma and physical abuse were among the barriers to accessing health services. A study revealedRead MorePrevention Of The Spread Of Hiv / Aids Essay3367 Words   |  14 PagesThe objective of this paper is aimed at investigating interventions for the control of the spread of HIV/AIDS in the United States, comparing both the rural and urban areas. According to the Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services â€Å"an intervention is a combination of program elements or strategies designed to produce behavior changes or improve health status among individuals or an entire population† Interventions may include educational programs, new or stronger policies, improvements

System And Oppression Of The Panopticon - 1631 Words

2.3.2. Panoptical System and Oppression The Panopticon was a metaphor that allowed Foucault to show the relationship between the people in a disciplinary situation and the systems of social control. From his view, the concept of power/knowledge comes from observing others. Michel Foucault is one of the European philosopher/historian who wrote prodigiously and influentially on the origins or ‘archaeology’ of European social orders since the seventeenth century. For understanding of his work on social control is central to ‘Siberian’ section of Nights at the Circus, especially chapter 3 and 4 show the escape of a group of prisoners. Social order is considered by Foucault through institutional practice or ‘discourse’ that apply punitive and†¦show more content†¦They are like so many cages, so many small theaters, in which each actor is alone, perfectly individualized and constantly visible. The panoptic mechanism arranges spatial unities t hat make it possible to see constantly and to recognize immediately. In short it reverses the principle of the dungeon; or rather three of its functions – to enclose, to deprive of light and to hide – it preserves only the first and eliminates the other two. Full lighting and the eye of a supervisor capture better than darkness, which ultimately protected. Visibly is a trap. Carter shows this theatrical when she describes ‘the hours of darkness’ in the female penitentiary during which ‘the cell were lit up like so many small theatres in which each actor sat by herself in the trap of her visibility’(ch.3, p.211). According to Foucault’s observation through Bentham, power is always ‘visible and unverifiable’ because the system of structure ensures that prisoners will always fell they may be being watched by invisible bystander but can never be sure whether the invisible viewer is watching them or not. The observer’s invisibility combined with the ‘Fictitious’ perception of total visibility amongst the observed that acts as ‘a guarantee of order’.* Fictional rhetoric and theatrical provide a situation to show the relevance of this episode beyond theShow MoreRelatedMass Surveillance and the Panopticon Analysis Essay1447 Words   |  6 Pages In Michael Foucault’s â€Å"Discipline and Punish†, the late eighteen century English philosopher Jeremy Benthams model of Panopticon was illustrated as a metaphor for the contemporary technologies of mass surveillance. Originally derived from the measures to control â€Å"abnormal beings† against the spreading of a plague, the Panopticon is an architecture designed to induce power with a permanent sense of visibility. With a tower in the center, surrounded by cells, the prisoners can be monitored andRead MoreFoucault, Femininity, And The Modernization Of Patriarchal Power Essay1919 Words   |  8 PagesFemininity The Panopticon better known as the perfect prison offers a jarring reflection of how society has been monitoring and policing our women through several different practices within a social cycle. Feminist philosopher, Sandra Lee Bartky, displays how everyone in society is guilty of monitoring and policing of femininity in her article, â€Å"Foucault, Femininity, and the Modernization of Patriarchal Power† Bartky’s symbolic use of the Panopticon is a way to allude that systems set in place byRead MoreSurveillance: A Welcome Necessity or a Frightening Imposition on Liberties1223 Words   |  5 Pagescontrol and power, because they were afraid of war, terrorism, and disease. The government is able to keep control through constant surveillance, or what Foucault would call, the Panopticon. The finger man idea, which is citizens policing citizens is a direct idea from Foucault’s Panopticism. The major effect of the Panopticon is to â€Å"induce in the inmate a state o f conscious and permanent visibility that assures the automatic function of power† (Foucault). Within the film you can see many instances ofRead MoreThe, Deloria, Collins, And Mcclintock1712 Words   |  7 PagesPage Robinson Reflection – Gilmore, Deloria, Collins, and McClintock Ruthie Gilmore – Golden Gulag Gilmore’s piece aims to disprove the myth that prisons are built by crime by focusing on the growth of California’s state prison system since 1982 and the accompanying grassroots opposition. Prisons are thought to stop crime through retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and incapacitation. The dominant explanation for prison growth is that crime went up, so prisons were created, and crime went downRead MoreKnight’s Poem, Hard Rock Returns to Prison from the Hospital for the Criminal Insane1024 Words   |  5 Pageshe is a shell of what he used to be with no sight. The poem is just about a hero falling after a lobotomy procedure. The authorities used lobotomy to tame Hard Rock’s rebellion and this was not right. The main themes of the poem are rebellion, oppression, and imprisonment. The theme of imprisonment is evident in Hard Rock Returns to Prison from the Hospital for the Criminal Insane poem. Hard Rock was a tough inmate, silenced by lobotomy. Hard Rock was a hero to the other prisoners, and this madeRead MoreDiscipline and Punish: a Critical Review. This Is a Summary of Michel Foucaults Seminal Work on the History of Criminal Punishment and Social Discipline as It Transformed from Punitive to Correctional Models During the2913 Words   |  12 Pagesprison (Mettray). These examples provide a picture of just how profound the changes in western penal systems were after less than a century. Foucault wants the reader to consider what led to these changes. How did western culture shift so radically? He believes that the question of the nature of these changes is best asked by assuming that they werent used to create a more humanitarian penal system, nor to more exactly punish or rehabilitate, but as part of a continuing trajectory of subjection. FoucaultRead MoreSocial Welfare : The Protestant Work Ethic And The Spirit Of Capitalism995 Words   |  4 Pages In this essay I will analyse the issue of social welfare, referencing Weber’s Protestant Work Ethic and Foucault’s analysis of power structures and the welfare state. The support systems in place to ensure that the poorest and most vulnerable members of society are able to survive have been the subject of increasing scrutinisation and hostility as we have entered the 21st Century. This hostility to social welfare can be seen in the intense backlash against the Affordable Care Act in America, andRead MoreHow Power Is Excercised in George Orwellls 1984 Essay2264 Words   |  10 Pagesaway. A nervous tic, an unconscious look of anxiety, a habit of muttering to yourself-anything that carried with it the suggestion of abnormality, of having something to hide. In fact, it is so powerful, that an individuals own nervous system becomes his or her enemy. Orwell also uses the Freudian functions of Repression and sublimation in Ingsocs mental control over party members. The Two-Minutes hate has been created by the party to encourage members to channel feelings and urges againstRead MoreThe Skills Used . Through The Dialogue The Interviewing1936 Words   |  8 PagesEncouragers very well, which is the use of frequent non-verbal prompts, that makes the client speak more (Ouellette et al., 2006). I used head nods and umm and yea that allowed peter to speak his mind or express himself. When he expressed about the system being very unfair I acknowledge by saying, um hmmm and shook my head in shame. He then responded by elaborating more on why he felt this way. My use of Close ended question which as are questions that require a yes or no (O’Hara et.al, (2016) wasRead MoreRemnants of Hope in Zamyatin’s We and Huxleys Brave New World1561 Words   |  7 Pagesdystopia, ‘just under the crown of the arch dangled a pair of feet’ . Hope, sadly, dies with him. The ancient house in We, is chaotic. It is the polar opposite of everything One State stands for, notably for its opaqueness and contrast to Bentham’s Panopticon which the city is based upon which makes the inhabitants of One State self-regulate their behavior as they know that any wrongdoings can easily be seen. The ancient house houses secret tunnels to outside the Green Wall, which surrounds the city-state

Early History of Flight Free Essays

string(81) " the helicopter rotor is independent of the rotating speed of the gas generator\." AIR TRANSPORTATION Early History of Flight: Around 400 BC – Flight in China †¢ The discovery of the kite that could fly in the air by the Chinese started humans thinking about flying. †¢ Kites have been important to the invention of flight as they were the forerunner to balloons and gliders. Hero and the Aeolipile †¢ The ancient Greek engineer, Hero of Alexandria, worked with air pressure and steam to create sources of power. We will write a custom essay sample on Early History of Flight or any similar topic only for you Order Now One experiment that he developed was the aeolipile which used jets of steam to create rotary motion. 1485 The Ornithopter and the Study of Flight †¢ Leonardo da Vinci made the first real studies of flight in the 1480’s. He had over 100 drawings that illustrated his theories on bird and mechanical flight. The drawings illustrated the wings and tails of birds, ideas for man carrying machines, and devices for the testing of wings. 1783-The Flight of the First Hot Air Balloon †¢ The brothers, Joseph Michel and Jacques Etienne Montgolfier, were inventors of the first hot air balloon. †¢ They used the smoke from a fire to blow hot air into a silk bag. The silk bag was attached to a basket. The hot air then rose and allowed the balloon to be lighter-than-air. †¢ In 1783, the first passengers in the colorful balloon were a sheep, rooster and duck. It climbed to a height of about 6,000 feet and traveled more than one mile. †¢ The first manned flight was on November 21, 1783, the passengers were Jean-Francois Pilatre de Rozier and Francois Laurent. 1799-1850’s-Gliders †¢ Sir George Cayley is considered the â€Å"FATHER OF AERODYNAMICS†.. †¢ Cayley experimented with wing design, distinguished between lift and drag, and formulated the concepts of vertical tail surfaces, steering rudders, rear elevators, and air screws. †¢ Cayley designed many different versions of gliders that used the movements of the body to control. A young boy, whose name is not known, was the first to fly one of Cayley’s gliders, the first glider capable of carrying a human. 1891 Otto Lilienthal †¢ German engineer, Otto Lilienthal, studied aerodynamics and worked to design a glider that would fly. Otto Lilienthal was the first person to design a glider that could fly a person and was able to fly long distances. 1891 Aerodrome †¢ Samuel Langley was physicist and astronomer who realized that power was needed to help man fly. †¢ He built a model of a plane, which he called an aerodrome that included a steam-powered engine. In 1891, his model flew for 3/4s of a mile before running out of fuel. †¢ It was too heavy to fly and it crashed. He was very disappointed. He gave up trying to fly. His major contributions to flight involved attempts at adding a power plant to a glider 1894 Octave Chanute †¢ Octave Chanute was a successful engineer who undertook the invention of airplanes as a hobby, after being inspired by Otto Lilienthal. †¢ Chanute designed several aircraft, the Herring – Chanute biplane was his most successful design and formed the basis of the Wright biplane design. MAN’S FIRST SUCCESFUL FLIGHT: 903- The Wright Brothers †¢ Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright was very deliberate in their quest for flight. †¢ The Wright Brothers designed and used a wind tunnel to test the shapes of the wings and the tails of the gliders. After they found a glider shape that consistently would fly in the tests in the North Carolina Outer Banks dunes, then they turned their atten tion to how to create a propulsion system that would create the lift needed to fly. †¢ The â€Å"Flyer† lifted from level ground to the north of Big Kill Devil Hill, at 10:35 a. m. , on December 17, 1903. Orville piloted the plane which weighed six hundred and five pounds. †¢ The first heavier-than-air flight traveled 120 ft. in 12 seconds. The two brothers took turns during the test flights. It was Orville’s turn to test the plane, so he is the brother that is credited with the first flight. †¢ In 1904, the first flight lasting more than five minutes took place on November 9. The Flyer II was flown by Wilbur Wright. †¢ In 1908, passenger flight took a turn for the worse when the first fatal air crash occurred on September 17. †¢ Orville Wright was piloting the plane. Orville Wright survived the crash, but his passenger, Signal Corps Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge, did not. The Wright Brothers had been allowing passengers to fly with them since May 14, 1908. TYPES OF AIRPLANE ENGINES TURBOJET ENGINE †¢ The basic idea of the turbojet engine is simple. Air taken in from an opening in the front of the engine is compressed to 3 to 12 times its original pressure in compressor. †¢ The turbojet engine is a reaction engine. In a reaction engine, expanding gases push hard against the front of the engine TURBOPROP ENGINE (Turbo propeller Engine) A turboprop engine is a jet engine attached to a propeller. The turbine at the back is turned by the hot gases, and this turns a shaft that drives the propeller. †¢ Some small airliners and transport aircraft are powered by turboprops. †¢ Engines featuring such propellers are called prop fans. †¢ Hungarian, Gyorgy Jendrassik who worked for the Ganz wagon works in Budapest designed the very firs t working turboprop engine in 1938. Called the Cs-1, Jendrassik’s engine was first tested in August of 1940; the Cs-1 was abandoned in 1941 without going into production due to the War. Max Mueller designed the first turboprop engine that went into production in 1942. TURBOFAN RNGINE †¢ A turbofan engine has a large fan at the front, which sucks in air. †¢ Most of today’s airliners are powered by turbofans. In a turbojet all the air entering the intake passes through the gas generator, which is composed of the compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine. TURBO SHAFT ENGINE †¢ It does not drive a propeller. Instead, it provides power for a helicopter rotor. †¢ The turbo shaft engine is designed so that the speed of the helicopter rotor is independent of the rotating speed of the gas generator. You read "Early History of Flight" in category "Essay examples" RAMJET ENGINE †¢ The speed of the jet â€Å"rams† or forces air into the engine. It is essentially a turbojet in which rotating machinery has been omitted. †¢ A ramjet vehicle requires some form of assisted takeoff, such as another aircraft. It has been used primarily in guided-missile systems. Space vehicles use this type of jet. PARTS OF AN AIRPLANE AND THEIR FUNCTIONS 1. Fuselage- The body of the plane. It is generally a long tube shape 2. Landing gear- The wheels of a plane. ?    – There are two main wheels on either side of the plane fuselage. Then there is one more wheel near the front of the plane. The brakes for the wheels are like the brakes for cars. They are operated by pedals, one for each wheel. Most landing gear can be folded into the fuselage during the flight and opened for landing. 3. Wings- The wings are shaped with smooth surfaces. There is a curve to the wings which helps push the air over the top more quickly than it goes under the wing. ?      Ã¢â‚¬â€œ The shape of the wings determines how fast and high the plane can fly. ?      Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Wings are called airfoils. 4. Flaps- slide back and down to increase the surface of the wing area. -They also tilt down to increase the curve of the wing. 5. Slats- move out from the front of the wings to make the wing space larger. This helps to increase the lifting force of the wing at slower speeds like takeoff and landing. 6. Ailerons- are hinged on the wings and move downward to push the air down and make the wing tilt up. This moves the plane to the side and helps it turn during flight. 7. Spoilers- after landing, the spoilers are used like air brakes to reduce any remaining lift and slow down the airplane. REGIMES OF FLIGHT †¢ Ranges of speed defined relative to the local speed of sound. 1. SUBSONIC †¢ this category contains most of the commercial jets that are used today to move passengers and cargo. †¢ the speed is just below the speed of sound as 350-750 miles per hour. †¢ engines today are lighter and more powerful and can travel quickly with large loads of people and goods. 2. SUPERSONIC †¢ 760 MPH is the speed of sound. †¢ These planes can fly up to 5 times   the speed of sound. Planes in this regime have specially designed high performance engines. They are also designed in lightweight materials to provide less drag. †¢ The first powered aircraft to explore this regime was the Bell X-1A, in 1947. †¢ The wings of supersonic fighters are swept in planform to reduce drag. †¢ President Kennedy- in 1963 he proposed the supersonic plane as a national priority. †¢ UNITED STATES- gave up its first attempts to produce a supersonic trans port (SST) for commercial used after spending 1 billion dollars in development. †¢ TU-144- supersonic version of Russian but it has been plagued with economic and safety problems. †¢ CONCORDE- British/French version of SST has a cruising speed of 1,458 miles per hour at an altitude of 50,000-60,000 feet, which takes it out of the more heavily traveled subsonic jets levels of 30,000-40,000 feet. -it needs speeds of200-215 knots to take off, as compared with 165 knots for subsonic. Supersonic Transport problems: †¢ it seats only 105 passengers. †¢ fuel consumption is 2-3 times that of a subsonic. †¢ The range is less that 4,000 miles. Advantages of Concorde: †¢ 80% are business travelers †¢ cabin is pressurized to 5,000 feet instead of to about 7,000 feet as in subsonic jets. †¢ air conditioning balances the humidity, which makes colds. Even though the SST has proved economically unfeasible mostly because of its small pay load. ? Air travel chan ges will probably call for an improved version, one of that can carry at least 250 passengers and have a 7500 mile range. ? That kind of plane would be a boon for pacific basin travel, where current flight times are nine to thirteen hours. 3. HYPERSONIC †¢ 3500-7000 MPH speed of sound. †¢ Rockets travel at speeds 5 to 10 times the speed of sound as they go into orbit. †¢ In the 1970s, the term generally came to refer to speeds of Mach 5 (5 times the speed of sound) and above. The hypersonic regime is a subset of the supersonic regime. †¢ Large variations in air density and pressure occur because of shock waves, and expansions 4. TRANSONIC †¢ Transonic is an aeronautics term referring to a range of velocities just below and above the speed of sound (about mach 0. 8–1. 2). It is defined as the range of speeds between the critical Mach number. †¢ Most modern jet powered aircraft spend a considerable amount of time in the transonic state. This is particularly important due to an effect known as wave drag, which is prevalent in these speed ranges. Severe instability can occur at transonic speeds. Shock waves move through the air at the speed of sound. THE NEWEST PLANES †¢ Boeing 747-400- the newest of the long range jets. ?   can carry 410 passengers and has a range 0f 8,800 miles †¢ MD-11 -McDonnell Douglas newest jets. ? MD-11 can carry 405 passengers. ? -Both planes are being built to test the traveler’s capacity to sit in one seat for a                                     marathon 16plus hours, extending over 7,000 to 8,000 miles. 1987- Europe and its Airbus Industry had put about 15 billion on the line to produce a: JUNIOR JUMBO -the airbus A-340,   -a 275-seater with a range about 8,000 miles? -greater flight frequencies because of faster loading and deplaning of passengers. Aircraft Footprint- is the distance from the takeoff point to the point   at which the plane is no longer significantly audible. N. V Fokker- a smaller aircraft contender. ?-are fuel-efficient and require small cockpit crews. FREEDOMS OF THE AIR First Freedom of the Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State or States to fly across its territory without landing (also known as a First Freedom Right). Second Freedom of the Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State or States to land in its territory for non-traffic purposes (also known as a Second Freedom Right). Third Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State to put down, in the territory of the first State, traffic coming from the home State of the carrier (also known as a Third Freedom Right). Fourth Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State to take on, in the territory of the first State, traffic destined for the home State of the carrier (also known as a Fourth Freedom Right). Fifth Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State to put down and to take on, in the territory of the first State, traffic coming from or destined to a third State (also known as a Fifth Freedom Right). ICAO characterizes all â€Å"freedoms† beyond the Fifth as â€Å"so-called† because only the first five â€Å"freedoms† have been officially recognized as such by international treaty. Sixth Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, of transporting, via the home State of the carrier, traffic moving between two other States (also known as a Sixth Freedom Right). The so-called Sixth Freedom of the Air, unlike the first five freedoms, is not incorporated as such into any widely recognized air service agreements such as the â€Å"Five Freedoms Agreement†. Seventh Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State, of transporting traffic between the territory of the granting State and any third State with no requirement to include on such operation any point in the territory of the recipient State, i. e the service need not connect to or be an extension of any service to/from the home State of the carrier. Eighth Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, of transporting cabotage traffic between two points in the territory of the granting State on a service which originates or terminates in the home country of the foreign carrier or (in connection with the so-called Seventh Freedom of the Air) outside the territory of the granting State (also known as a Eighth Freedom Right or â€Å"consecutive cabotage†). Ninth Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege of transporting cabotage traffic of the granting State on a service performed entirely within the territory of the granting State (also known as a Ninth Freedom Right or â€Å"stand alone† cabotage). GOVERNMENT AGENCIES †¢ INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION (IATA) o Is an international industry trade group of airlines headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. o IATA was formed IATA was formed in April 1945, in Havana, Cuba. It is the successor to the International Air Traffic Association, founded in The Hague in 1919, the year of the world’s first international scheduled services. Functions: ? To the member airlines- it provides solutions to problems beyond the resources of any single airline. ? To the government- it is the medium of negotiation for international fares and agreements. ? To the traveling public- it ensures the traveling public safe and efficient operations of all the airlines, proper business practice by the airlines and travel agents. ? Clears financial balance between airlines and charges between tickets. ? Caters ground holding ? Performs maintenance service ? Handles aircraft leasing projects ? Promotes worldwide air travel safety Regulate the shipping of dangerous goods INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION (ICAO) ? An agency of the United Nations, codifies the principles and techniques of international air navigation and fosters the planning and development of international air transport to ensure safe and orderly growth. Its headquarters are located in the Quartier International of Montreal, Canada. Functions: ? Adopts standards and recommended practices concerning air navigation. ? Prevention of unlawful interference ? Facilitation of border-crossing procedures for international civil aviation. Defines the protocols for air accident investigation followed by transport safety authorities in countries signatory to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, commonly known as the Chicago Convention CIVIL AERONAUTICS BOARD (CAB) ? Agency charged with the power to regulate the economic aspect of air transportation in the Philippines. Functions: ? Licensing of domestic and international airlines. ? Regulation of fares and rates for the carriage of person s and property. ? Enforcement of the economic provision of R. A. 776. ? Authorization of navigation of foreign aircraft in the Philippines. Participation in the negotiation of air agreements covering exchange of air rights. ? Suggest corrective to improve safety in air commerce. ? Assure protection of the public by requiring the performance of safe and adequate air service, eliminating rate discrimination, unfair competition and deceptive practices in air transportation. Air Transportation Office (ATO) ? The Philippines’ Air Transportation Office (Filipino: Tanggapan ng Transportasyong Himpapawid), abbreviated as ATO, is responsible for implementing policies on civil aviation to assure safe, economic and efficient air travel. FUNCTIONS: ? Establish and prescribe rules and regulations for the inspection and registration of all aircraft owned and operated in the Philippines and all air facilities; ? Establish and prescribe the corresponding rules and regulations for the enforcement of ? Determine, fix and/or prescribe charges and/or rates pertinent to the operation of public air utility facilities and services; ? Administer and operate the Civil Aviation Training Center (CATC); ? Operate and maintain national airports, air navigation and other similar facilities in compliance to ICAO; ? Perform such other powers and functions as may be prescribed by law. PHILIPPINE AEROSPACE DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (PADC) ? The corporation undertakes business and development activities for the establishment of reliable aviation and aerospace industry. ? It engages in design, manufacture and scale of all forms of aircrafts. ? It develops local capabilities in maintenance, repair and modification of equipment related to air flight. ? It operates on air transport service for domestic and international flights. ? Head: Reynato R. Jose FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION (FAA) It concentrates on passenger safety, aircraft certification to meet safety standards, pilot licensing and air traffic control. ? Also responsible for investigation of aircraft accident. ? 1958- FAA became independent MANILA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT AUTHORITY (MIAA) ? This government agency is in charge of operating and maintaining airport facilities in the Mactan International Airport. ? As with MIAA, MCIAA is responsible for keeping Mactan airport in tip-toe shape to ensure its competitiveness as a trade and tourist gateway to Visayas Island group. It implements airport rules, provides airport safety and security needs. ? Under operations are international and domestic operations and maintenance, fire fighting and rescue and electrical and mechanical services. ? Head: Gen. Mgr. Alfonso U. Alerre INTERNATIONAL AIR CHARTER ASSOCIATION (IACA) ? Trade association of supplemental and charter airlines. NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION (NASA) ? The role of NASA is aeronautical research. ? They achieve world leadership in space technology and exploration. LOCAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM LIST OF AIRLINES IN THE PHILIPPINES PHILIPPINE AIRLINES ? It is the national airline of the Philippines. ? The first airline in Asia and the oldest of those currently in operation. ? Makati City: headquarters ? Flies both domestic and international ? Ninoy Aquino International Airport, Paranaque City: main hub. ? China Airlines and Japan Airlines: principal Asian competitors. ? IATA: PR HISTORY: ? February 1941: established ? Started by a group of businessmen led by Andres Soriano. ? March 1941: started its operation with a single Beech Model 18 aircraft making one flight daily between Manila (from Nielson Field) and Baguio. In July 1941, a chartered DC-4 ferried carried 40 American servicemen to California, making Pal the first airline to cross the Pacific. ? December 1941, started regular service between Manila and San Francisco.? INCIDENTS AND ACCIDENTS: ? Pal has 21 crash records ? Last one being in 1999 and most of them being in its earlier years. ? Philippine Airlines Flight 812 was a scheduled passenger flight f rom Francisco Bangoy International Airport in Davao City to Ninoy Aquino International Airport near Manila. On May 25, 2000, an Airbus A330-301 operating on the route was hijacked by a man later identified as Reginald Chua, just before the airplane was about to land. The flight carried 278 passengers and 13 crew members. AIR PHILIPPINES ? It is an airline registered in the Philippines. ? Primarily focuses on the domestic low-cost market. ? IATA: 2P ? ICAO: GAP ? Call sign: Orient Pacific History: ? February 13, 1995: was incorporated. ? Subic: base operations. ? February 1, 1996: started its flight operations with a Boeing737-200 between Subic, Iloilo and Zamboanga. ASIAN SPIRIT ? An airline based in the Philippines that usually flies routes not serviced by major airlines such as Philippine Airlines. ? The Philippines’ youngest airline. ? Based in Manila. ? Founded in 1996 by the Airline Employees Cooperative. ? IATA: 6K ? ICAO: RIT ? Call sign: Asian Spirit CEBU PACIFIC ? One of the newest airline companies operating in the Philippines. ? The country’s 2nd largest airline after Philippine Airlines ? Cebu: headquarters ? March 8, 1996: first flight ? Started with 24 flights daily among Manila, Cebu and Davao. By 2000’s, was able to operate international flights to the countries of Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, South Korea and the dependency of Guam. ? IATA: 5J ? ICAO: CEB ? Call sign: Cebu Air PACIFIC EAST ASIA CARGO LINES ? Is a cargo airline based in the Philippines ? IATA: Q8 ? ICAO: PEC PACIFICAIR ? Pacificair ( Pacific Airways Corporation ) is an airline based in Manila, Philippines. ? Established: 1947 ? Op erates scheduled passenger flights, air taxi services, and is involved in agricultural work. ? IATA: GX ? ICAO: PFR ? Call sign: Pacific West How to cite Early History of Flight, Essay examples